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    Published : 2022-12-30
    No. 17 (2022)

    Citizenship of the Europe an Union. Historical backgrou nd – legal abuses and crimes

    Mirosław Piotrowski

    https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-0128

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.2256

    Abstract

    The establishment in the Treaty on European Union of a common citizenship for the citizens of the member states of this organization, was a key element in moving to the next stage of the integration process. EU citizenship was the second citizenship, after national citizenship, and had an "additional" character. The relevant provisions were transferred to the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, and then to the current Treaty of Lisbon. This juridical construction, reinforced by the acquisition of legal personality by the EU, did not previously exist in the history of international relations. Under the treaties, citizenship is granted in each country by its national authorities. It has emerged that many of them have launched "golden passport" and "golden visa" programs to sell citizenship of their own country and, in turn, to sell EU citizenship. This contributed to an increase in corruption, money laundering, etc., within the EU. The examples publicized in the media contributed to the organization of debates in the EP and stimulated the EC to act. According to the EC's findings, as many as 21 EU member states were involved in this procedure. The EC, as a guardian of the treaties, started to discipline them. Based on the article of the TL on the principle of loyal cooperation between the EU and the Member States, it initiated legal proceedings against Malta and Cyprus for violation of the treaties, warning Bulgaria. It also announced further actions.

    Keywords:

    European Union, EU citizenship, golden passports, golden visas, European identity, citizenship trafficking



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    Piotrowski, M. (2022). Citizenship of the Europe an Union. Historical backgrou nd – legal abuses and crimes. Fides, Ratio Et Patria. Studia Toruńskie, (17), 217–238. https://doi.org/10.56583/frp.2256

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    Wydawnictwo Akademii Zamojskiej
    ul. Pereca 2, 22-400 Zamość
    tel.: +48 84/638 34 44;
    tel. kom. +48/ 790 331 087
    fax: +48 84/ 638 35 00
    University
    Akademia Zamojska
    ul. Pereca 2, 22-400 Zamość
    tel. 84 638 34 44
    fax 84 638 35 00
    e-mail: rektorat@akademiazamojska.edu.pl
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